This page presents the raw observations of daily high and low temperature along with precipitation and snow when available. The dates shown are the date when the observation was reported. For observations made at 7 AM, this would be a for a 24 hour period up until that time and not for that local date. The timestamps shown are valid for the local timezone of that reporting station.
Hint: You should be able to
highlight the values in the table and then copy + paste these values into a
spreadsheet program like Excel. A
download interface does exist for these
observations.
NWSLI: | Site Name: | Date: | Temp at Ob | Max Air Temp | Min Air Temp | Precip | Snowfall | Snow Depth | Snow Water Equiv |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CHRI4 | CHARITON 1 E | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 51 | 81 | 51 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
TLDI4 | TOLEDO 3 N | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 53 | 80 | 53 | T | 0 | 0 | M |
WKNI4 | Waukon 4SW | 31 Jul 2018 5AM | 53 | 80 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
ATLI4 | ATLANTIC 1 NE | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 54 | 83 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
CNTI4 | CENTERVILLE | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 54 | 82 | 54 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | M |
WHTI4 | WASHTA | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 54 | 82 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
MPTI4 | MAPLETON NO. 2 | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 54 | 76 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
EKRI4 | ELKADER 6SSW | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 54 | 82 | 53 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | M |
MKTI4 | MAQUOKETA 4 W | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 54 | 79 | 54 | 0.19 | 0 | 0 | M |
SHDI4 | SHELDON | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 54 | 80 | 52 | T | 0 | 0 | M |
SIBI4 | Sibley | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 55 | 81 | 55 | 0.14 | 0 | 0 | M |
LEMI4 | LE MARS | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 55 | 81 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
CRNI4 | Corning | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 55 | 78 | 55 | 0.42 | 0 | 0 | M |
AUDI4 | Audubon | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | 55 | 79 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
WEBI4 | WEBSTER CITY | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 55 | 80 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
CGGI4 | COGGON | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | 55 | 81 | 54 | T | 0 | 0 | M |
DNSI4 | DENISON | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 55 | 79 | 55 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | M |
MSHI4 | MARSHALLTOWN | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 56 | 81 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
NHPI4 | New Hampton | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 56 | 79 | 55 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | M |
WLBI4 | WILLIAMSBURG 3 SE | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 56 | 80 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
WSHI4 | WASHINGTON | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 56 | 82 | 55 | 0.16 | 0 | 0 | M |
SACI4 | SAC CITY | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | 56 | 79 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
SXGI4 | SIOUX CITY AIRPORT | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | 56 | 82 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
LSXI4 | LITTLE SIOUX 2 NW | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 56 | 79 | 56 | T | 0 | 0 | M |
CLDI4 | CLARINDA | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | 56 | 78 | 55 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | M |
HAWI4 | HAWARDEN | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 56 | 80 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
NWDI4 | NORTHWOOD | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 56 | 77 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
MHRI4 | MANCHESTER NO. 2 | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 56 | 81 | 53 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | M |
VNTI4 | VINTON | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 57 | 81 | 53 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | M |
CASI4 | CASCADE | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 57 | 81 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
BLVI4 | Bellevue LD 12 | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | 57 | 82 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
DNNI4 | DONNELLSON | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 57 | 82 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
SWEI4 | SWEA CITY 4 W | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | 57 | 80 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
AMOI4 | Anamosa 3SSW | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | 57 | 81 | 56 | 0.53 | 0 | 0 | M |
ALBI4 | ALBIA 3 NNE | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 57 | 80 | 56 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | M |
RKRI4 | ROCK RAPIDS | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | 57 | 82 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
AESI4 | AMES 5 SE | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | 57 | 81 | 55 | T | 0 | 0 | M |
ALRI4 | ALLERTON | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 58 | 80 | 58 | T | 0 | 0 | M |
PSTI4 | POSTVILLE | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 58 | 84 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
BCNI4 | BEACONSFIELD | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 58 | 78 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
KEQI4 | KEOSAUQUA | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 58 | 80 | 56 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | M |
MCWI4 | Mason City | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 58 | 80 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
ELDI4 | ELDORA | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 58 | 78 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
CINI4 | CARROLL | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 58 | 81 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
DAKI4 | DAKOTA CITY | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 58 | 80 | 57 | 0.16 | 0 | 0 | M |
IWAI4 | IOWA FALLS | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 58 | 80 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
LWDI4 | LOWDEN | 31 Jul 2018 11PM | 58 | 84 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
TRPI4 | TRIPOLI | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 58 | 80 | 58 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | M |
OAKI4 | OAKLAND | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | 59 | 80 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
MSTI4 | MUSCATINE 2 N | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 59 | 81 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
SNYI4 | STANLEY 4 W | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 59 | 78 | 52 | T | 0 | 0 | M |
NWTI4 | NEWTON | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 59 | 81 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
SNBI4 | SANBORN | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | 59 | 77 | 57 | 0.24 | 0 | 0 | M |
CRTI4 | CRESTON 2 SW | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 59 | 78 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
FSCI4 | FOREST CITY 2 NNE | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 59 | 78 | 58 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | M |
GRII4 | GRINNELL 3 SW | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 59 | 80 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
CRCI4 | CRESCO 1NE | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 59 | 82 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
SPRI4 | SPIRIT LAKE | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 59 | 79 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
HPTI4 | HAMPTON | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 59 | 82 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
WMTI4 | FORT DODGE 5 NNW | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 59 | 78 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
LOGI4 | LOGAN | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 59 | 81 | 54 | 0 | M | M | M |
OSEI4 | OSCEOLA | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 60 | 82 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
BEDI4 | BEDFORD | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 60 | 80 | 58 | T | 0 | 0 | M |
RKWI4 | ROCKWELL CITY | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 60 | 79 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
BNWI4 | BOONE | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | 60 | 80 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
ROKI4 | RED OAK | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 60 | 78 | 58 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | M |
OLNI4 | OELWEIN 1E | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | 60 | 82 | 59 | T | 0 | 0 | M |
CKPI4 | CHEROKEE | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | 60 | 81 | 54 | T | 0 | 0 | M |
IDAI4 | INDIANOLA 4 W | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 60 | 83 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
ICYI4 | IOWA CITY | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 60 | 81 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
GNDI4 | GRUNDY CENTER | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 60 | 80 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
LECI4 | LeClaire L&D 14 | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | 61 | 82 | 60 | 0 | M | M | M |
3OI | LAMONI | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 61 | 82 | 61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
ALGI4 | ALGONA 3 W | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | 61 | 82 | 58 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | M |
DVNI4 | Davenport 6N | 31 Jul 2018 11PM | 61 | 82 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
ASNI4 | ALLISON | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 61 | 81 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
GTHI4 | GUTHRIE CENTER | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | 61 | 82 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
BLGI4 | BURLINGTON | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 62 | 81 | 61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
BLLI4 | BELLE PLAINE | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | 62 | 83 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
DLDI4 | Dubuque L&D 11 | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | 62 | 81 | 61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
VICI4 | VICKS CORNER-SPIRIT LAKE IOWA | 31 Jul 2018 11PM | 63 | 84 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
OSAI4 | Osage 1W | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 63 | 80 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
MCTI4 | MUSCATINE | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 63 | 83 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
RADI4 | RATHBUN DAM | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 64 | 80 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
FRFI4 | FAIRFIELD | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | 64 | 79 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
KNXI4 | KNOXVILLE | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | 64 | 81 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
OSKI4 | OSKALOOSA | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 64 | 83 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
SXRI4 | SIOUX RAPIDS 4 E | 31 Jul 2018 10PM | 65 | 81 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
GRNI4 | GREENFIELD | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | 65 | 80 | 59 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | M |
POCI4 | POCAHONTAS | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | 66 | 83 | 57 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | M |
EOKI4 | Keokuk L&D 19 | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | 66 | 78 | 62 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
CIYI4 | Charles City | 31 Jul 2018 10PM | 66 | 82 | 57 | T | 0 | 0 | M |
FTMI4 | Fort Madison | 31 Jul 2018 11PM | 66 | 84 | 61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
LKPI4 | LAKE PARK | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | 67 | 84 | 61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
DMX | Des Moines WFO | 31 Jul 2018 11PM | 67 | 86 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
SLBI4 | STORM LAKE 2 E | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | 67 | 81 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
SGYI4 | Sigourney | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | 67 | 78 | 53 | T | 0 | 0 | M |
3SE | SPENCER 1 N | 31 Jul 2018 11PM | 67 | 84 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
HSTI4 | HOLSTEIN | 31 Jul 2018 10PM | 68 | 80 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
SDHI4 | SHENANDOAH | 31 Jul 2018 9AM | 68 | 79 | 58 | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | M |
GTTI4 | Guttenberg L & D 10 | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | 70 | 83 | 59 | 0.26 | 0 | 0 | M |
EMMI4 | EMMETSBURG | 31 Jul 2018 9AM | 74 | 82 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
CLNI4 | CLINTON NO 1 | 31 Jul 2018 6PM | 79 | 79 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
PGHI4 | PRIMGHAR | 31 Jul 2018 4PM | 79 | 81 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
SIXI4 | SIOUX CENTER 2 SE | 31 Jul 2018 3PM | 80 | 81 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
AMSI4 | AMES 8 WSW | 31 Jul 2018 4PM | 81 | 82 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
CRPI4 | CEDAR RAPIDS NO 1 | 31 Jul 2018 5PM | 81 | 83 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
DCRI4 | DECORAH | 31 Jul 2018 4PM | 84 | 84 | 55 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | M |
CCTI4 | Central City | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | M | M | M | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | M |
HLYI4 | HOLLY SPRINGS 1NW | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
KSLI4 | Kesley | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
JAMI4 | JAMAICA 3 S | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
WACI4 | Waucoma 1WNW | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
WGCI4 | DES MOINES WAVELAND | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0.16 | 0 | 0 | M |
CRDI4 | CONRAD | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
UNDI4 | UNDERWOOD | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
BLMI4 | BLOOMFIELD 1 WNW | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
SXCI4 | SIOUX CITY HWY 77 BRG | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
IONI4 | Ionia 2W | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | M |
SPTI4 | Strawberry Point | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0.51 | 0 | 0 | M |
ESTI4 | ESTHERVILLE 4 E | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
AAKI4 | AMES | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
OTWI4 | Ottumwa | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
GRWI4 | GARWIN | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
EVYI4 | EVERLY 3 WNW | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | T | 0 | 0 | M |
NENI4 | NORTH ENGLISH | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
STBI4 | STEAMBOAT ROCK | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
BTLI4 | BATTLE CREEK 3NE | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
BLKI4 | BLOCKTON | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
CLUI4 | CLUTIER | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
NHUI4 | NASHUA 2SW | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | T | 0 | 0 | M |
MROI4 | MARENGO | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | M |
COJI4 | COLUMBUS JUNCT 2 SSW | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
TREI4 | TRAER | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | M |
HSII4 | HASTINGS 4 NE | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | M | M | M | 0.15 | 0 | 0 | M |
CMBI4 | COLUMBIA | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
PTRI4 | PETERSON | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
STYI4 | Story City | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
PERI4 | PERRY | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
SLHI4 | Salem 1 S | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
BRKI4 | BROOKLYN | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
ADXI4 | ADEL | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
ELMI4 | ELMA | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | M |
MZUI4 | MONTEZUMA 1 W | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
LORI4 | LORIMOR | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
WTRI4 | WINTERSET 2 NNW | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
UBSI4 | Johnston | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
AKRI4 | AKRON | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
ALXI4 | Waterloo NWS Snowfall | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
DSXI4 | Des Moines NWS Snow | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
RANI4 | RANDOLPH | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | M | M | M | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | M |
SIDI4 | SIDNEY | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
WAUI4 | Waukon 3NNE | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
MFRI4 | MILFORD 4 NW | 31 Jul 2018 7PM | M | 81 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
OGDI4 | OGDEN | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
CLII4 | CLARION | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
BTTI4 | BRITT | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
COOI4 | COON RAPIDS | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
FULI4 | FULTON | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | M | M | M | 0.23 | 0 | 0 | M |
AKYI4 | ANKENY | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
MCLI4 | Monticello | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | M | M | M | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | M |
HRCI4 | HARCOURT 2 N | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
JWLI4 | JEWELL | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
PKBI4 | PARKERSBURG | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
HBTI4 | HUMBOLDT WATER PLANT | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | M | M | M | 0.27 | M | M | M |
KENI4 | KENNEBEC | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
CSAI4 | CASTANA EXP FARM | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
BTNI4 | Brighton | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
GLNI4 | GLENWOOD | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
KANI4 | Kanawha | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0.16 | 0 | 0 | M |
GLMI4 | Gilman | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
ORCI4 | ORANGE CITY | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | M |
MSCI4 | MASON CITY #1 | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
DWTI4 | DE WITT | 31 Jul 2018 8AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
MXWI4 | MAXWELL | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
RKVI4 | ROCK VALLEY | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
CMRI4 | Calmar | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0.43 | 0 | 0 | M |
HRFI4 | Hartford | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
SANI4 | St Ansgar | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | M | M | M | T | 0 | 0 | M |
MTAI4 | MOUNT AYR | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
DEWI4 | DE WITT 4 S | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
ZRGI4 | ZEARING | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
FMBI4 | Ankeny 2 SE | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
WCCI4 | Grimes 4 WSW | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
MSNI4 | MASSENA | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
DUBI4 | Dubuque #3 | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | M |
FYTI4 | Fayette 3NNW | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
PEAI4 | PELLA 1 S | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0.24 | 0 | 0 | M |
SWHI4 | SWISHER | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
JFFI4 | JEFFERSON 2 NW | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
RINI4 | RINGSTED | No Observation Reported for 2018-07-31 | |||||||
RMSI4 | REMSEN NO. 2 | 31 Jul 2018 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
LMLI4 | LAKE MILLS | 31 Jul 2018 7AM | M | M | M | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | M |
Errors exist in this dataset and you should evaluate the observations before using...